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Transpersonal psychology is a sub-field or "school" of psychology that integrates the spiritual and transcendent aspects of the human experience with the framework of modern psychology. It is also possible to define it as a "spiritual psychology". The ''transpersonal'' is defined as "experiences in which the sense of identity or self extends beyond (trans) the individual or personal to encompass wider aspects of humankind, life, psyche or cosmos".〔Walsh, R. & Vaughan, F. "On transpersonal definitions". ''Journal of Transpersonal Psychology'', 25 (2) 125-182, 1993〕 It has also been defined as "development beyond conventional, personal or individual levels".〔Scotton, Bruce W. "Introduction and Definition of Transpersonal Psychiatry". In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) ''Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology''. New York: Basic Books〕 Issues considered in transpersonal psychology include spiritual self-development, self beyond the ego, peak experiences, mystical experiences, systemic trance, spiritual crises, spiritual evolution, religious conversion, altered states of consciousness, spiritual practices, and other sublime and/or unusually expanded experiences of living. The discipline attempts to describe and integrate spiritual experience within modern psychological theory and to formulate new theory to encompass such experience. Transpersonal psychology has made several contributions to the academic field, and the studies of human development, consciousness and spirituality.〔Miller, John J. "Book review: Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology." ''Psychiatric Services'' April 01, 1998〕〔Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) ''Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology''. New York: Basic Books〕 Transpersonal psychology has also made contributions to the fields of psychotherapy〔Matthews, Charles O. "Psychotherapy and Spirit (Book)". ''Counseling & Values''. Oct99, Vol. 44 Issue 1, p75. 3p.〕 and psychiatry.〔Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany & Lu Francis G. "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV". ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', Jul;183(7):435-44, 1995〕〔Lukoff, David, Lu, Francis G. & Turner, Robert P. ''Diagnosis. A clinical approach to religious and spiritual problems''. In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology. New York: Basic Books〕 ==Definition== Lajoie and Shapiro〔Lajoie, D. H. & Shapiro, S. I. "Definitions of transpersonal psychology: The first twenty-three years". ''Journal of Transpersonal Psychology'', Vol. 24, 1992〕 reviewed forty definitions of transpersonal psychology that had appeared in academic literature over the period from 1968 to 1991. They found that five key themes in particular featured prominently in these definitions: ''states of consciousness''; ''higher or ultimate potential''; ''beyond the ego or personal self''; ''transcendence''; and ''the spiritual''. Based upon this study the authors proposed the following definition of Transpersonal Psychology: ''Transpersonal Psychology is concerned with the study of humanity's highest potential, and with the recognition, understanding, and realization of unitive, spiritual, and transcendent states of consciousness''. In a review of previous definitions Walsh and Vaughan〔 suggested that Transpersonal psychology is an ''area of psychology that focuses on the study of transpersonal experiences and related phenomena. These phenomena include the causes, effects and correlates of transpersonal experiences and development, as well as the disciplines and practices inspired by them''. They have also criticised many definitions of transpersonal psychology for carrying implicit assumptions, or presuppositons, that may not necessarily define the field as a whole. Hartelius, Caplan and Rardin〔Hartelius, Glenn; Caplan, Mariana; Rardin, Mary Anne. "Transpersonal Psychology: Defining the Past, Divining the Future". ''The Humanistic Psychologist'', 35(2), 1–26, 2007〕 conducted a retrospective analysis of definitions of Transpersonal Psychology. They found three dominant themes that define the field: ''beyond-ego psychology'', ''integrative/holistic psychology'', and p''sychology of transformation''. Analysis suggested that the field has moved from an early emphasis on alternative states of consciousness to a more expanded view of human wholeness and transformation. This development has, according to the authors, moved the field closer to the integral approaches of Ken Wilber and Post-Aurobindonian theorists. Caplan (2009: p. 231) conveys the genesis of the discipline, states its mandate and ventures a definition: The perspectives of holism and unity are central to the worldview of Transpersonal psychology.〔Davis, John. "An overview of transpersonal psychology." ''The Humanistic Psychologist'', 31:2-3, 6-21, 2003〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transpersonal psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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